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<blockquote data-quote="The Scoundrel" data-source="post: 471828" data-attributes="member: 1389"><p>This is quite a succinct history of the crusades. For once Wiki gets it just about right.</p><p></p><p>The <strong>Crusades</strong> were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church" target="_blank">Latin Church</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_period" target="_blank">medieval period</a>. The best known of these Crusades are those to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land" target="_blank">Holy Land</a> in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land" target="_blank">Jerusalem and its surrounding</a> area from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests" target="_blank">Islamic rule</a>. Concurrent military activities in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" target="_blank">Iberian Peninsula</a> against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors" target="_blank">Moors</a> (the <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista" target="_blank">Reconquista</a></em>) and in northern Europe against pagan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs" target="_blank">West Slavic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts" target="_blank">Baltic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Finns" target="_blank">Finnic</a> peoples (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades" target="_blank">Northern Crusades</a>) also became known as crusades. Through the 15th century, other church-sanctioned crusades were fought against heretical Christian sects, against the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, to combat paganism and heresy, and for political reasons. Unsanctioned by the church, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_crusades" target="_blank">Popular Crusades</a> of ordinary citizens were also frequent. Beginning with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade" target="_blank">First Crusade</a> which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. </p><p></p><p>In 1095, Pope <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" target="_blank">Urban II</a> proclaimed the First Crusade at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" target="_blank">Council of Clermont</a>. He encouraged military support for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" target="_blank">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" target="_blank">Alexios I</a> against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" target="_blank">Seljuk Turks</a> and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in western Europe, there was an enthusiastic popular response. The first Crusaders had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Later crusades were generally conducted by more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. All were granted papal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence#Early_and_medieval_beliefs" target="_blank">indulgences</a>. Initial successes established four <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states" target="_blank">Crusader states</a>: the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Edessa" target="_blank">County of Edessa</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" target="_blank">Principality of Antioch</a>; the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" target="_blank">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>; and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" target="_blank">County of Tripoli</a>. The Crusader presence remained in the region in some form until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" target="_blank">fall of Acre</a> in 1291. After this, there were no further crusades to recover the Holy Land.</p><p></p><p>Proclaimed a crusade in 1123, the struggle between the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" target="_blank">Christians</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims" target="_blank">Muslims</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" target="_blank">Iberian Peninsula</a> was called the <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista" target="_blank">Reconquista</a></em> by Christians, and only ended in 1492 with the fall of the Muslim <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" target="_blank">Emirate of Granada</a>. From 1147, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades" target="_blank">campaigns</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe" target="_blank">Northern Europe</a> against pagan tribes were considered crusades. In 1199, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" target="_blank">Pope Innocent III</a> began the practice of proclaiming political crusades against Christian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretics" target="_blank">heretics</a>. In the 13th century, crusading was used against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathars" target="_blank">Cathars</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc" target="_blank">Languedoc</a> and against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" target="_blank">Bosnia</a>; this practice continued against the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians" target="_blank">Waldensians</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy" target="_blank">Savoy</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussites" target="_blank">Hussites</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia" target="_blank">Bohemia</a> in the 15th century and against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" target="_blank">Protestants</a> in the 16th. From the mid-14th century, crusading rhetoric was used in response to the rise of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" target="_blank">Ottoman Empire</a>, only ending in 1699 with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" target="_blank">War of the Holy League</a>.</p><p></p><p>Source page</p><p></p><p>[URL unfurl="true"]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades[/URL]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="The Scoundrel, post: 471828, member: 1389"] This is quite a succinct history of the crusades. For once Wiki gets it just about right. The [B]Crusades[/B] were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church']Latin Church[/URL] in the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_period']medieval period[/URL]. The best known of these Crusades are those to the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land']Holy Land[/URL] in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land']Jerusalem and its surrounding[/URL] area from [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests']Islamic rule[/URL]. Concurrent military activities in the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula']Iberian Peninsula[/URL] against the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors']Moors[/URL] (the [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista']Reconquista[/URL][/I]) and in northern Europe against pagan [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs']West Slavic[/URL], [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts']Baltic[/URL] and [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Finns']Finnic[/URL] peoples (the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades']Northern Crusades[/URL]) also became known as crusades. Through the 15th century, other church-sanctioned crusades were fought against heretical Christian sects, against the Byzantine and Ottoman empires, to combat paganism and heresy, and for political reasons. Unsanctioned by the church, [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_crusades']Popular Crusades[/URL] of ordinary citizens were also frequent. Beginning with the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade']First Crusade[/URL] which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. In 1095, Pope [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_II']Urban II[/URL] proclaimed the First Crusade at the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Clermont']Council of Clermont[/URL]. He encouraged military support for [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors']Byzantine emperor[/URL] [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos']Alexios I[/URL] against the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire']Seljuk Turks[/URL] and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in western Europe, there was an enthusiastic popular response. The first Crusaders had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Later crusades were generally conducted by more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. All were granted papal [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indulgence#Early_and_medieval_beliefs']indulgences[/URL]. Initial successes established four [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states']Crusader states[/URL]: the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Edessa']County of Edessa[/URL]; the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch']Principality of Antioch[/URL]; the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem']Kingdom of Jerusalem[/URL]; and the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tripoli']County of Tripoli[/URL]. The Crusader presence remained in the region in some form until the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)']fall of Acre[/URL] in 1291. After this, there were no further crusades to recover the Holy Land. Proclaimed a crusade in 1123, the struggle between the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians']Christians[/URL] and [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims']Muslims[/URL] in the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula']Iberian Peninsula[/URL] was called the [I][URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista']Reconquista[/URL][/I] by Christians, and only ended in 1492 with the fall of the Muslim [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada']Emirate of Granada[/URL]. From 1147, [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades']campaigns[/URL] in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Europe']Northern Europe[/URL] against pagan tribes were considered crusades. In 1199, [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III']Pope Innocent III[/URL] began the practice of proclaiming political crusades against Christian [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heretics']heretics[/URL]. In the 13th century, crusading was used against the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathars']Cathars[/URL] in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc']Languedoc[/URL] and against [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia']Bosnia[/URL]; this practice continued against the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldensians']Waldensians[/URL] in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savoy']Savoy[/URL] and the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussites']Hussites[/URL] in [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia']Bohemia[/URL] in the 15th century and against [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism']Protestants[/URL] in the 16th. From the mid-14th century, crusading rhetoric was used in response to the rise of the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire']Ottoman Empire[/URL], only ending in 1699 with the [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)']War of the Holy League[/URL]. Source page [URL unfurl="true"]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades[/URL] [/QUOTE]
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