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“Hell is a place of total, conscious, eternal separation from the blessings of God,” Bryan Chapell, president of Covenant Theological Seminary, said in the video below. “And there’s a sense in which hell is people getting exactly what they want.” In that, if a person rejects God all throughout life, never submitting to him in repentance, then the person will enter eternity after death without God. Hell is total, conscious, eternal separation from the blessings of God. People think of it as a lake of fire and that certainly is a biblical image. Also, the Bible describes hell as lashing or scorpions or darkness where there's great gnashing of teeth. There's not just one biblical image of hell. Hell is a place for the soul of extreme torment by being separated from the blessings of God.

The questions we always struggle with is Hell fair? That's a harder question. I think one way theologians have dealt with that is, it's fair in this regard: people get what they deserve. They don't want to be with God, and so God at some point says, fine, you'll be without me. Now, pride keeps you not wanting God around and there's a sense in which hell, if it's not just described by the images, but by theological understanding, total conscious, eternal separation from the blessings of God and there's a sense in which hell is people getting exactly what they want, (they say) "I didn't want God."

At some point, God says, okay, I have shown you my goodness and my grace, and you don't want that. So you get exactly what you want. The Bible warns that that's great pain. That's great hardship to the soul to be without God. But at some point, God says, okay, I'll give you what you want. Those who want me, they get me. That's Heaven. Those who don't want me, they don't get me. They get what they want, and that's how when it's ultimately taken to its foundational, meaning. We know from Romans 3:23 that everyone has sinned and therefore stand condemned before a holy God. But John 3:16-17 tells us that because of God’s great love for the whole world, he stepped in to rescue people from this helpless trajectory, if they only trust in Christ Jesus – the Messiah (John 20:31), God incarnate (Matthew 1:23; John 1:1-3; John 1:14). This rescue is not forced but received by grace through faith. And should someone die without faith in God, the Bible says their sin has condemned them to hell.

The Bible does not indicate further opportunity to receive salvation after a person dies (Hebrews 9:27). Jesus told a parable illustrating this in Luke 16:19-31. Verse 26 describes “a great chasm” between heaven and hades (meaning: place of the dead) that is “set in place,” so that no one can cross from one side to the other.

*Please click the green link for further info.


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and a few other episodes of this show hosted by Shatner... who is awesome at hosting this and very intriguing episodes. gets ya really thinking no matter what episode is on. i may have to watch some more of these when i have more time
 
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Surfing has existed in one form or another for several centuries. We can trace its origins back to Polynesia. Modern surfing takes place anywhere people can catch waves. It wasn’t always just a recreational activity. We can’t pinpoint the exact origins, but we can infer a lot from what we know.

What we are confident about: surfing had a kind of religious significance in Polynesian culture. It was not merely a sport—it was an entire way of life. Tahitians and Samoans even used it as a way to train their warriors for battle. It is not precisely the chill, easy-going vibe that we associate with surfing today.

Regardless of how you approach surfing as part of your life, its history and origins are part of what makes it such a beautiful and unique sport. Read on to learn a bit more about how surfing came to be, how it developed into what it is today, and all of the steps it took along the way. The earliest evidence of surfing history can be traced back to 12th century Polynesia. Cave paintings have been found which clearly illustrate ancient versions of surfing. Along with many other aspects of their culture, the Polynesians brought surfing to Hawaii, and it became popular from there.

Though it is impossible to say precisely when the first instance of surfing happened, we know that it was hundreds of years ago. Polynesian culture is tied to ocean life, and ancient Polynesians were comfortable in the water. Whether canoeing, swimming, or surfing, the ocean was integral to how the lived. So what hard evidence do we have about when surfing was first discovered? One of the most famous written accounts of surfing is the diary of European captain James Cook who witnessed Tahitian surfers in 1778. He and his crew were shocked to see men riding the waves on planks on wood.

James Cook’s diary provided readers with lots of valuable information about sailing in the Pacific. Still, the Europeans had never seen anything like surfing. They were even worried about the surfers because they expected the waves to throw them on jagged rocks near the shore. Of course, those Tahitian surfers came from a culture where everyone knew how to hold their own in the water. The men jumped off their boards before reaching the rocks, and even smiled while doing it. For them, it was just another day of sunshine and surf. While we can only make estimates about when the first human put a piece of wood in the water and rode the waves, we do know a lot about how the board was used. Many stories say that the selection of a chief in a Polynesian tribe was based on who could surf the best. That’s a lot of pressure to improve.

To summarize, we can infer that the sport is as old as the 12th century (maybe older), but it was definitely in full swing within Polynesian culture by the 18th century. From there, it would go from being a high-stakes test of athletic prowess to the chill, carefree sport we know as surfing today. Ancient Polynesia is the undisputed birthplace of surfing, and nowhere is this story more prominent than the islands of Hawaii.

Imagine asking any random person, “What is Hawaii best known for?” Beaches, aloha shirts, ukuleles, and surfing would be the most popular answers, without a doubt. Although most evidence points to surfing’s Polynesian origins, there was also some debate that Pre-Incan civilizations may have beat them to it. However, this was later debunked because these watercraft more closely resemble stand up paddleboards than surfboards.

Other evidence in favor of this has to do with their cultural ties to the sport. If you have ever spent a day paddling out on a board, you know that it can be an exhausting endurance test. So it comes as no surprise that Polynesian warriors used it as a means of fitness training. Because surfing requires so much fitness and strength, it was also used as the way to determine who would serve as chief in primitive Hawaiian tribes.

These days athletes surf for fun, bragging rights, or professional sponsorship. Back then, you could have been made a ruler if you managed to prove yourself. Since we have no way of knowing exactly when the first attempted surf session was, we are also in the dark about who had the idea in the first place. We can infer that the creator of surfing was of Polynesian origin, but even that’s just speculation.

Sorry, but that’s the closest answer we have got!

While our information about the first surfer is limited, we can do the next best thing and follow history to see who brought the sport to life. When European settlers first came to Hawaii, surfing lost a lot of its edge. Hawaiian locals were steered away from surfing, and the Christian settlers shunned it entirely.

Still, surfing was such an essential part of Hawaiian culture that people never stopped doing it entirely. If there were waves to catch, the locals weren’t about to let the Europeans ruin their good time. Around the end of the 19th century, tourism began to develop, and surfing started to make a huge comeback.

People from all over the world started to notice how awesome surfing is, and this was fantastic for Hawaiian tourism. One of the most prominent early players in modern surfing was Duke Kahanamoku. Born in 1890, “The Duke” was one of the best surfers of his time and also an accomplished Olympic swimmer.

Once Duke’s fame as an athlete reached a certain point, he decided to go on a world tour to showcase his skills and spread the love of surfing. From California to Australia, he traveled, surfed, and caught the eyes of thousands of eager spectators. He single-handedly popularized the Hawaiian surf tradition.

While we can’t say that The Duke invented surfing, surfing was a massive part of his legacy, and his influence played a pivotal role in the history of surfing. Thanks to his enthusiasm and athleticism, the sport gained more attention than ever before. If anyone in surf history deserves the title of “The Father of Surfing,” it is him.

*Please click the green link for further info.


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Genghis Khan (ca. 1162–1227) and the Mongols are invariably associated with terrible tales of conquest, destruction, and bloodshed. This famed clan leader and his immediate successors created the largest empire ever to exist, spanning the entire Asian continent from the Pacific Ocean to modern-day Hungary in Europe. Such an empire could not have been shaped without visionary leadership, superior organizational skills, the swiftest and most resilient cavalry ever known, an army of superb archers (the “devil’s horsemen” in Western sources), the existence of politically weakened states across Asia, and, of course, havoc and devastation.

Yet, the legacy of Genghis Khan, his sons, and grandsons is also one of cultural development, artistic achievement, a courtly way of life, and an entire continent united under the so-called Pax Mongolica (“Mongolian Peace”). Few people realize that the Yuan dynasty in China (1271–1368) is part of Genghis Khan’s legacy through its founder, his grandson Khubilai Khan (r. 1260–95). The Mongol empire was at its largest two generations after Genghis Khan and was divided into four main branches, the Yuan (empire of the Great Khan) being the central and most important. The other Mongol states were the Chagatai khanate in Central Asia (ca. 1227–1363), the Golden Horde in southern Russia extending into Europe (ca. 1227–1502), and the Ilkhanid dynasty in Greater Iran (1256–1353).

The Mongols were remarkably quick in transforming themselves from a purely nomadic tribal people into rulers of cities and states and in learning how to administer their vast empire. They readily adopted the system of administration of the conquered states, placing a handful of Mongols in the top positions but allowing former local officials to run everyday affairs. This clever system allowed them to control each city and province but also to be in touch with the population through their administrators.

The seat of the Great Khanate in Dadu (Beijing) was the center of the empire, with all its pomp and ceremony, whereas the three semi-independent Central and western Asian domains of the Chagatai, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanids were connected through an intricate network that crisscrossed the continent. Horses, once a reliable instrument of war and conquest, now made swift communication possible, carrying written messages through a relay system of stations. A letter sent by the emperor in Beijing and carried by an envoy wearing his paiza, or passport, could reach the Ilkhanid capital Tabriz, some 5,000 miles away, in about a month.

The political unification of Asia under the Mongols resulted in active trade and the transfer and resettlement of artists and craftsmen along the main routes. New influences were thus integrated with established local artistic traditions. By the middle of the thirteenth century, the Mongols had formed the largest contiguous empire in the world, uniting Chinese, Islamic, Iranian, Central Asian, and nomadic cultures within an overarching Mongol sensibility.

Genghis Khan’s grandson Hülegü (died 1265) subdued Iran in 1256 and conquered Baghdad, the capital of the ‘Abbasid caliphate, in 1258. Hülegü’s dynasty—the Ilkhanids, or Lesser Khans—ruled this area, called Greater Iran, until about 1353. After their rapid gain of power in the Muslim world, the Mongol Ilkhanids nominally reported to the Great Khan of the Yuan dynasty in China, and in the process imported Chinese models to better define their tastes. However, the new rulers were greatly impressed by the long-established traditions of Iran, with its prosperous urban centers and thriving economy, and they quickly assimilated the local culture. The Mongol influence on Iranian and Islamic culture gave birth to an extraordinary period in Islamic art that combined well-established traditions with the new visual language transmitted from eastern Asia.

*Please click the green link for further info.


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"Taekwondo" literally means the "art of hand and foot fighting". The origin of Taekwondo is obscured by many thousands of years of Korean history. The first organized development of Taekwondo martial arts training is thought to be around the first Century on the peninsula of Korea over 2000 years ago when the Three Kingdoms (Silla, Goguryeo and Baekje) ruled. However, it is estimated that Taekwondo was practiced in a primitive form of martial art style in ancient times as far back as 5000 years ago. In those ancient times, there was no means of self defense other than bare hands and the body for a weapon. So it was natural to assume that bare-hand fighting martial art techniques were developed.

It is suggested that Taekwondo was first practiced as a method of evading attacks from wild animals as well as a useful tool in hunting for food and also as a means of strengthening the body. Martial art techniques were learned from the experience of fighting against beasts whose defensive and offensive motions were the subject of analysis and mimicking. Since attacks could originate from any direction, martial art moves were developed that allowed reflexes to counter from any direction. Specific patterns were formed for instinctive self defense which became a series of blocks, kicks and strikes. These patterns are still practiced today. There is some speculation that the martial art style of Taekwondo is not indigenous to Korea and that it is a break off of Chinese and other Asian martial arts.

The legendary origins of the Eastern (Chinese) martial arts are generally ascribed to a Monk from India called Bodhidharma. According to legend and ancient Chan Buddhist texts, Bodhidharma came to China in the Sixth Century AD where he founded a monastery at Shaolin-So. He began to teach breath control and meditation. But his followers were physically incapable of practicing the strenuous techniques, so he taught them methods of strengthening their bodies and their spirit. These methods later combined with Taoism and I-Ching to form the basis for the Chinese martial arts of Kung Fu, Kempo and Tai Chi Chuan.

In Korea, the first tangible evidence of Taekwondo dates from the Three Kingdoms period where a mural painted on the wall of the Myung-Chong tomb located in Tunsko (Capital of Goguryeo) and built in the Goguryeo Kingdom sometime in the First Century . The mural shows two youths sparring. Other tombs found in this period contain similar murals which show figures practicing martial arts. Accordingly, there is evidence that Korea was developing it's own martial art well before Bodhidharma arrived in China and it seems that the martial art style of Taekwondo is of Korean origin.

*Please click the green link for further info.


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Cannibalism, the eating of one’s own kind, is a practice that occurs in both humans and non-humans. Some people consumed their own kin to ensure that their spirits joined those of their ancestors; others ate their enemies in anger in the context of warfare, in some cases to acquire the powers of those they had defeated; and others ate sorcerers who they thought brought them disease and death. Archaeologists provided evidence of prehistoric cannibalism among different peoples as well as among many of our ancestors. In the twentieth century, anthropologists published well-documented accounts of cannibalism in Papua New Guinea, South America, and Africa. Resisting the image of primitive people as cannibals, anthropologists often wrote about cannibalism as a metaphor, in the form of human alligators, zombies, and witches.

In the 1970s cannibalism was at the center of three widely-publicized debates. The first two featured a small number of distinguished scholars who held different views about who had the right to speak about and to evaluate conflicting claims about other people’s pasts. The third was provoked by one anthropologist’s argument that, except in the case of cannibalism in the context of survival, the cannibals described by anthropologists were mythical creatures. This gave rise to a passionate response by anthropologists who viewed the critique as an attack on their discipline in general, and on their research methods. Contemporary descriptions of cannibalism, seeming to echo the archaeological accounts, now argue that in one form or another, we are all cannibals.


The term cannibal, defined as eating one’s own kind, is a legacy of Columbus’ encounter in 1492 with the Caribs of the Antilles, said to have been consumers of human flesh. Studies documenting the practice of cannibalism among non-humans, identified in more than 1,500 species (Polis 1981: 225), have led to the distinction between human and non-human cannibalism. The term anthropophagy, from the Greek anthropophagi (‘the eating of men’), is retained to refer to the eating of humans by other humans. Cannibalism is used to describe both the human and non-human practice.

Cannibalism represents the ultimate forbidden behavior for many Western societies, something to relegate to other cultures, other times, and other places. New archaeological research has provided evidence that long before the invention of metals, before Egypt’s pyramids were built, before the origins of agriculture, and before the explosion of Paleolithic cave art, cannibalism could already be found among many different people, as well as among many of our ancestors (White 2001: 88).

As this entry illustrates, the cannibal was also an object of fascination in the ancient literature recorded by historians, theologians, and philosophers, and then in the accounts of explorers, merchants, and ambassadors during Europe’s Age of Exploration. Distant people were often portrayed as cannibals: that is, as strange, animal-like creatures. In the twentieth century, anthropologists depicted cannibalism as another example of the many ways of being human, answering the question of what the practice meant for those who consumed the dead. Some people ate the bodies of enemies killed during warfare, and some killed and ate sorcerers who they believed had brought them death and misfortune. Others consumed the bodies of deceased relatives in mortuary ceremonies, expressing love and grief for those they had lost, a sentiment that unites us as human beings.

The diversity of cannibalism as practice, and of the contexts in which it occurred, is evident in the three regions in the world where the practice has received the most attention, namely Papua New Guinea, South America, and Africa. In the 1970s, cannibalism was at the center of three anthropological debates, which raised methodological issues about how we know ‘others’. A new approach to cannibalism (Nyamnjoh 2018) extended the meaning of the term from ingesting others to considering others as food for the body, the mind, and the soul. This broader notion of cannibalism conveys a more ethically sensitive understanding of the nature of human relationships. The entry ends with a reflection on the future of the cannibal in anthropology.

*Please click the green link for further info.


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If I posted this already I don't care @Alticus i now run every single one of your threads. Most will be deleted within the week. Just deal with it.
 
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fromHELL said:
If I posted this already I don't care @Alticus i now run every single one of your threads. Most will be deleted within the week. Just deal with it.
Click to expand...

Actually, I wish that I could delete some of my posts. Do I have your permission to use the reactions at least?
 
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2nd maybe 3rd time watching this.. can't really get into a movie right now so this is still just as good..
 
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In the 1930s, Swiss pharmacologist, Albert Hofmann, worked at the Sandoz laboratory in Basel, Switzerland, to produce beneficial compounds derived from the rye fungus, ergot. Sandoz had been working on ergot derivatives for some years, with its chemists isolating ergotamine, a drug still sometimes used for migraines today, in 1918.

Ergot had been a double-edged sword in Medieval and Renaissance Europe. It helped ease the process of childbirth and its vasoconstrictive properties reduced post-birth bleeding, though with dangerous side effects. These same properties meant that if people consumed contaminated grain, the result was sometimes widespread poisoning and death.

Hofmann was working to isolate a beneficial compound found in ergot, ergobasine, for further medical use in obstetrics. He continued working with lysergic acid compounds in search of other interesting pharmacological properties. In 1938, he produced the twenty-fifth substance in a series of lysergic acid derivatives. Its official name was lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated as LSD-25.

In the initial testing, Hofmann and his team set out to discover its effect on the uterus. Although it has a significant impact, it was only 70% as effective as ergobasine. The research report also noted the restlessness of the experimental animals while on LSD-25. This restlessness didn’t arouse any particular interest, and Hofmann moved on with his investigations.

In the years that followed, Hofmann was successful in creating other ergot-derived medications. Despite this, he could not let LSD-25 go, feeling it could have other properties that he’d missed. So, in the spring of 1943, he repeated his earlier synthesis.

In the final step of this chemical process, Hofmann got his first hint of LSD’s potency. On April 16, as he was purifying the sample, he was interrupted by unusual sensations: restlessness, a dreamlike state, and closed-eye visuals of kaleidoscopic patterns. What had caused this? He reasoned that he must have accidentally ingested some of the chemical. Due to the toxicity of ergot compounds, Hofmann ran a meticulously neat lab. So he knew it must have been a microscopic trace of LSD-25 that led to these effects. How strong was it?

On April 19, 1943, armed only with his lab journal, Hofmann decided to test this substance on himself. He settled on taking 250 micrograms, thinking that this would be barely noticeable. He couldn’t have been more wrong.

Within two hours of embarking on this experiment, he was getting far more than he bargained for. Overwhelmed, disoriented, and feeling utterly out of his depth, he asked his lab assistant to bring him home. Because of the wartime restrictions on vehicle use, they journeyed through Basel by bicycle, inaugurating what would come to be known as ‘Bicycle Day’.

Once he had somehow made it home, Hofmann feared he was losing his sanity or even his life. Familiar objects in his living room, once friendly, turned into demonic, grotesque forms. Even worse were the changes Hofman perceived in himself. He became consumed by a demon. It triumphed over his will. He did not know if he had died, or gone to another world, or another time.

As he passed the peak of the experience, his sense of dread lessened. He would later recount that he began to enjoy the visuals that appeared when he closed his eyes: “Kaleidoscopic, fantastic images surged in on me, alternating, variegated, opening and then closing themselves in circles and spirals, exploding in colored fountains, rearranging and hybridizing themselves in constant flux.” By the next day, Hofmann had recovered from his experience, aware that he’d made a momentous discovery.

*Please click the green link for further info.

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Who the hell you calling a fuck up BOI? FIGHT ME but not in Frog country. Face to Face in say Ottawa. The Native American Indians can pick up whats left of you maggot..

i will do this to you and everyone you know. BE AFRAID.
 
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