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Tragic!
The human male is, on most measures, more vulnerable than the female. Part of the explanation is the biological fragility of the male fetus, which is little understood and not widely known. A typical attitude to boys is that they are, or must be made, more resilient than girls. This adds “social insult to biological injury.” Culture and class make a difference to the health and survival of boys. The data presented here have implications for the clinical management of male patients as well as for the upbringing of boys.
Male excess of developmental and behavioural disorders
By the time a boy is born the pattern seems set. Developmental disorders—such as specific reading delay, hyperactivity, autism and related disorders, clumsiness, stammering, and Tourette's syndrome—occur three to four times more often in boys than in girls, although girls, when they have such a disorder, may be more severely affected. Conduct and oppositional disorders are at least twice as common in boys. Genetic factors are known to play a part, varying from low heritability in conduct disorder to high in autism, but why are they all commoner in boys? None of these conditions is sex linked in the classical sense. But Skuse et al propose that the X chromosome does carry some of the burden of the social and cognitive deficits that are common to many (but not all) of these disorders. They found that, of people with Turner's syndrome (XO), those with an X chromosome from their mothers (who would be boys if they also had a Y chromosome) had significantly more hyperactivity, attention deficits, and poorer social and emotional expressivity than those with X chromosomes from their fathers. These results are supported by the twin study of Scourfield et al, which shows a significant genetic influence on social cognition to the disadvantage of males. “Males are attempting something extra all through life.”
The human male is, on most measures, more vulnerable than the female. Part of the explanation is the biological fragility of the male fetus, which is little understood and not widely known. A typical attitude to boys is that they are, or must be made, more resilient than girls. This adds “social insult to biological injury.” Culture and class make a difference to the health and survival of boys. The data presented here have implications for the clinical management of male patients as well as for the upbringing of boys.
Male excess of developmental and behavioural disorders
By the time a boy is born the pattern seems set. Developmental disorders—such as specific reading delay, hyperactivity, autism and related disorders, clumsiness, stammering, and Tourette's syndrome—occur three to four times more often in boys than in girls, although girls, when they have such a disorder, may be more severely affected. Conduct and oppositional disorders are at least twice as common in boys. Genetic factors are known to play a part, varying from low heritability in conduct disorder to high in autism, but why are they all commoner in boys? None of these conditions is sex linked in the classical sense. But Skuse et al propose that the X chromosome does carry some of the burden of the social and cognitive deficits that are common to many (but not all) of these disorders. They found that, of people with Turner's syndrome (XO), those with an X chromosome from their mothers (who would be boys if they also had a Y chromosome) had significantly more hyperactivity, attention deficits, and poorer social and emotional expressivity than those with X chromosomes from their fathers. These results are supported by the twin study of Scourfield et al, which shows a significant genetic influence on social cognition to the disadvantage of males. “Males are attempting something extra all through life.”
Whoa, I am a mastermind criminal, not just a terrorist anymore.
